|
| spouse = | children = Maria | signature = Gary Cooper Signature.png | website = }} Gary Cooper (born Frank James Cooper; May 7, 1901 – May 13, 1961) was an American film actor known for his natural, authentic, and understated acting style and screen performances. His career spanned thirty-five years, from 1925 to 1960, and included leading roles in eighty-four feature films. He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His screen persona appealed strongly to both men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres. Cooper's ability to project his own personality onto the characters he played contributed to his appearing natural and authentic on screen. The screen persona he sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero. Cooper began his career as a film extra and stunt rider and soon landed acting roles. After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films, Cooper became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture, ''The Virginian''. In the early 1930s, he expanded his heroic image to include more cautious characters in adventure films and dramas such as ''A Farewell to Arms'' (1932) and ''The Lives of a Bengal Lancer'' (1935). During the height of his career, Cooper portrayed a new type of hero—a champion of the common man—in films such as ''Mr. Deeds Goes to Town'' (1936), ''Meet John Doe'' (1941), ''Sergeant York'' (1941), ''The Pride of the Yankees'' (1942), and ''For Whom the Bell Tolls'' (1943). In the post-war years, he portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as ''The Fountainhead'' (1949) and ''High Noon'' (1952). In his final films, Cooper played non-violent characters searching for redemption in films such as ''Friendly Persuasion'' (1956) and ''Man of the West'' (1958). Cooper had romantic relationships early in his career with several leading actresses, including Clara Bow and Lupe Vélez. He married New York debutante Veronica Balfe in 1933, and the couple had one daughter. Their marriage was interrupted by a three-year separation precipitated by Cooper's love affair with Patricia Neal. Cooper's twenty-year friendship with Ernest Hemingway was grounded in their mutual love for the outdoors. Cooper's other close friends included Howard Hawks, Joel McCrea, and James Stewart. Cooper received the Academy Award for Best Actor for his roles in ''Sergeant York'' and ''High Noon''. He also received an Academy Honorary Award for his career achievements in 1961. He was one of the top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, and was one of the top money-making stars for eighteen years. The American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Cooper eleventh on its list of the twenty five greatest male stars of classic Hollywood cinema. ==Early life== Frank James Cooper was born on May 7, 1901, at 730 Eleventh Avenue in Helena, Montana〔Meyers 1998, p. 5.〕 to English immigrants Alice (née Brazier, 1873–1967)〔Meyers 1998, pp. 4, 259.〕 and Charles Henry Cooper (1865–1946).〔Meyers 1998, pp. 1, 198.〕 His father emigrated to Montana from Houghton Regis, Bedfordshire〔Meyers 1998, p. 1.〕 and became a prominent lawyer, rancher, and eventually a Montana Supreme Court justice.〔Arce 1979, pp. 17–18.〕 His mother emigrated from Gillingham, Kent and married Charles in Montana.〔Meyers 1998, pp. 4–5.〕 In 1906, Charles purchased the Seven-Bar-Nine〔Arce 1979, p. 18.〕〔Swindell 1980, p. 10.〕 cattle ranch about north of Helena near the town of Craig on the Missouri River.〔Meyers 1998, pp. 7–8.〕 Frank and his older brother Arthur spent their summers there and learned to ride horses, hunt, and fish.〔Meyers 1998, p. 8.〕〔Swindell 1980, p. 25.〕 In April 1908, the Hauser Dam failed and flooded the Missouri River valley along portions of the Cooper property, but Cooper and his family were able to evacuate in time.〔Swindell 1980, p. 12.〕 Cooper attended Central Grade School in Helena.〔 In the summer of 1909, Alice, wanting her sons to have an English education, accompanied them to England and enrolled them in Dunstable Grammar School in Bedfordshire, where Cooper was educated from 1910 to 1912.〔Meyers 1998, pp. 10–12.〕〔Benson 1986, pp. 191–195.〕 At Dunstable, Cooper studied Latin and French, and took several courses in English history.〔Swindell 1980, p. 19.〕 While he managed to adapt to the discipline of an English school and learned the requisite social graces, he never adjusted to the rigid class structure and formal Eton collars he was forced to wear.〔Swindell 1980, p. 21.〕 After completing confirmation classes, Cooper was baptized into the Anglican Church on December 3, 1911, at the Church of All Saints in Houghton Regis.〔Meyers 1998, p. 13.〕〔 Cooper's mother accompanied her sons back to the United States in August 1912, and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena.〔 At the age of fifteen, Cooper injured his hip in a car accident and returned to the Seven-Bar-Nine ranch to recuperate by horseback riding at the recommendation of his doctor.〔Swindell 1980, p. 29.〕 The misguided therapy left him with his characteristic stiff, off-balanced walk and slightly angled riding style.〔Meyers 1998, p. 17.〕 After attending Helena High School for two years, he left school in 1918 and returned to the family ranch to help raise their five hundred head of cattle and work full-time as a cowboy.〔 In 1919, his father arranged for his son to complete his high school education at Gallatin County High School in Bozeman, Montana.〔Swindell 1980, p. 33.〕〔Meyers 1998, p. 21.〕 His English teacher, Ida Davis, encouraged him to focus on academics, join the school's debating team, and get involved in dramatics.〔〔Arce 1979, p. 21.〕 His parents would later credit her for helping their son complete high school, and Cooper confirmed, "She was the woman partly responsible for me giving up cowboy-ing and going to college."〔 In 1920, while still attending high school, Cooper took three art courses at Montana Agricultural College.〔 His interest in art was inspired years earlier by the Western paintings of Charles Marion Russell and Frederic Remington.〔Meyers 1998, pp. 15–16.〕 Cooper especially admired and studied Russell's ''Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians at Ross' Hole'' (1910), which still hangs in the state capitol building in Helena.〔 In 1922, Cooper enrolled in Grinnell College in Iowa to continue his art education. Cooper did well academically in most of his courses,〔Swindell 1980, p. 41.〕 but was not accepted to the school's drama club.〔 His drawings and watercolors were exhibited throughout the dormitory, and he was named art editor for the college yearbook.〔Swindell 1980, p. 46.〕 During the summers of 1922 and 1923, Cooper worked at Yellowstone National Park as a tour guide driving the yellow open-top buses.〔Meyers 1998, p. 24.〕〔Swindell 1980, p. 43.〕 Despite a promising first eighteen months at Grinnell, he left college suddenly in February 1924, spent a month in Chicago looking for work as an artist, and then returned to Helena,〔Swindell 1980, pp. 47–48.〕 where he sold editorial cartoons to the ''Independent'', a local newspaper.〔Swindell 1980, p. 49.〕 In the autumn of 1924, Cooper's father left the Montana Supreme Court bench and moved with his wife to Los Angeles〔Meyers 1998, p. 26.〕 to administer the estates of two relatives.〔Dickens 1970, p. 3.〕 At his father's request, Cooper joined his parents in California on Thanksgiving Day, November 27, 1924.〔 In the coming weeks, after working a series of unpromising jobs, Cooper met two friends from Montana, Jim Galeen and Jim Calloway,〔Arce 1979, p. 23.〕〔Swindell 1980, p. 52.〕 who were working as film extras and stunt riders in low-budget Western films for the small movie studios on Poverty Row on Gower Street.〔Meyers 1998, p. 27.〕 They introduced him to another Montana cowboy, rodeo champion Jay "Slim" Talbot, who took him to see a casting director who offered him work.〔 With the goal of saving enough money to pay for a professional art course,〔 Cooper decided to try his hand at working as a film extra for five dollars a day, and as a stunt rider for twice that amount.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gary Cooper」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|